Three-dimensional battery architectures.

The worldwide thirst for portable consumer electronics in the 1990s had an enormous impact on portable power. Lithium ion batteries, in which lithium ions shuttle between an insertion cathode (e.g., LiCoO2) and an insertion anode (e.g., carbon), emerged as the power source of choice for the highperformance rechargeable-battery market. The performance advantages were so significant that lithium ion batteries not only replaced Ni-Cd batteries but left the purported successor technology, nickel-metal hydride, in its wake.1 The thick metal plates of * To whom correspondence should be addressed. J.W.L: e-mail, [email protected]; telephone, (+1)202-404-8697. B.D.: e-mail, [email protected]; telephone, (+1)310-825-1519. D.R.R.: e-mail, [email protected]; telephone, (+1)202-767-3617. H.S.W.: e-mail, [email protected]; telephone, (+1)810-585-6256. † Naval Research Laboratory. ‡ UCLA. § University of Utah. 4463 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4463−4492